JA4.3       Walls

Table 4.3.1 – U-factors of Wood Framed Walls

Spacing

Cavity Insulation

Nominal Framing Size

Rated R-value of Continuous Insulation 2

 

R-0

R-2

R-4

R-5

R-6

R-7

R-8

R-10

R-12

R-15

A

B

C

D

E

 F

G

H

I

J

16 in. OC

None

Any

1

0.356

0.209

0.146

0.127

0.113

0.101

0.092

0.078

0.067

0.056

R-11

2x4

2

0.110

0.088

0.074

0.068

0.064

0.060

0.056

0.050

0.045

0.040

R-13

2x4

3

0.102

0.082

0.069

0.064

0.060

0.056

0.053

0.047

0.043

0.038

R-15 1

2x4

4

0.095

0.077

0.065

0.060

0.056

0.053

0.050

0.045

0.041

0.036

R-19 

2x6

5

0.074

0.063

0.055

0.051

0.049

0.046

0.044

0.040

0.037

0.033

R-20

2x6

6

0.071

0.060

0.052

0.049

0.047

0.044

0.042

0.039

0.036

0.032

R-211

2x6

7

0.069

0.059

0.051

0.048

0.046

0.043

0.041

0.038

0.035

0.031

R-22

2x6

8

0.072

0.062

0.054

0.051

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.037

0.036

0.033

R-23

2x6

9

0.067

0.057

0.049

0.047

0.044

0.042

0.040

0.037

0.034

0.030

R-25

2x6

10

0.065

0.055

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.040

0.039

0.035

0.036

0.032

R-19

2x8

11

0.065

0.057

0.051

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.038

0.035

0.032

R-22

2x8

12

0.061

0.053

0.047

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.039

0.036

0.033

0.030

R-25

2x8

13

0.057

0.050

0.044

0.042

0.040

0.038

0.037

0.034

0.032

0.029

R-301

2x8

14

0.056

0.049

0.044

0.041

0.040

0.038

0.036

0.033

0.031

0.028

24 in. OC

None

Any

15

0.362

0.211

0.148

0.128

0.114

0.102

0.092

0.078

0.067

0.056

R-11

2x4

16

0.106

0.086

0.072

0.067

0.062

0.059

0.055

0.050

0.045

0.039

R-13

2x4

17

0.098

0.079

0.067

0.062

0.058

0.055

0.052

0.047

0.043

0.038

R-15

2x4

18

0.091

0.074

0.063

0.059

0.055

0.052

0.049

0.044

0.040

0.036

R-19

2x6

19

0.071

0.061

0.053

0.050

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.040

0.036

0.033

R-20

2x6

20

0.068

0.058

0.051

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.038

0.035

0.031

R-211

2x6

21

0.066

0.057

0.050

0.047

0.045

0.042

0.040

0.037

0.034

0.031

R-22

2x6

22

0.069

0.060

0.052

0.049

0.047

0.044

0.042

0.036

0.036

0.033

R-23

2x6

23

0.064

0.054

0.048

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.039

0.036

0.033

0.030

R-25

2x6

24

0.061

0.052

0.046

0.043

0.041

0.039

0.037

0.034

0.035

0.031

R-19

2x8

25

0.063

0.055

0.049

0.047

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.037

0.035

0.031

R-22

2x8

26

0.058

0.051

0.046

0.044

0.042

0.040

0.038

0.035

0.033

0.030

R-25

2x8

27

0.055

0.048

0.043

0.041

0.039

0.037

0.036

0.033

0.031

0.028

R-301

2x8

28

0.054

0.047

0.042

0.040

0.038

0.037

0.035

0.033

0.030

0.028

Notes

1. Higher density fiberglass batt is required in these cases.

2.  Continuous insulation may be installed on either the inside or the exterior of the wall, or both.

 

This table contains U-factors for wood framed walls, which are typical of low-rise residential buildings and Type V nonresidential buildings. If continuous insulation is not used, then choices are made from Column A. In this case, the insulation is installed in the cavity between the framing members. When continuous insulation is used, this is typically installed on the exterior side of the wall, but can also be used on the inside. The continuous insulation is typically a rigid polystyrene or polyisocyanurate foam insulation.

When this table is used manually, the R-value of continuous insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the continuous insulation columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is used manually. Commission approved compliance software, however, may determine the U-factor for any amount of continuous insulation or for unusual construction assemblies using Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2.

(See addendum at the end of this Section on page 4-75 for table 4.3.1(a) entitled “Table 4.3.1(a) – U-factors of Wood Framed Walls with 5/8 gypsum1  (Only to be used when 5/8 inch gypsum is installed)”

 

Figure 4.3.1 – Wood Framed Wall

5WALLWDFRMOTHER

 

Assumptions: Values in this table were calculated using the parallel heat flow calculation method, documented in the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The construction assembly assumes an exterior air film of R-0.17, a 7/8 inch layer of stucco of R-0.18 (SC01), building paper of R-0.06 (BP01), continuous insulation (if any), the cavity insulation / framing layer, ½ inch gypsum board of R-0.45 (GP01), and an interior air film 0.68. The framing factor is assumed to be 25 percent for 16 inch stud spacing and 22 percent for 24 inch spacing. Actual cavity depth is 3.5 inch for 2x4, 5.5 inch for 2x6, 7.25 inch for 2x8, 9.25 inch for 2x10, and 11.25 inch for 2x12. High density R-30 insulation is assumed to be 8.5 inch thick batt and R-38 is assumed to be 10.5 inch thick. The thickness of the stucco is assumed to be reduced to 3/8 inch when continuous insulation is applied.

Table 4.3.2 – U-factors of Structurally Insulated Wall Panels (SIPS)

Wood Framing Connection Type (spline)

Insulation Core R-value1

Typical Panel Thickness

 

Rated R-value of Continuous Insulation 5

None

R-2

R-4

R-5

R-6

R-8

A

B

C

D

E

F

OSB

R-14

4.5 in

1

0.061

0.055

0.049

0.047

0.045

0.041

Single 2x

R-14

4.5 in

2

0.071

0.061

0.054

0.051

0.048

0.044

Double 2x

R-14

4.5 in

3

0.077

0.065

0.057

0.054

0.050

0.046

I-joist

R-14

4.5 in

4

0.070

0.060

0.053

0.051

0.048

0.044

OSB

R-182

4.5 in

5

0.053

0.045

0.041

0.039

0.037

0.034

Single 2x

R-182

4.5 in

6

0.061

0.052

0.047

0.045

0.042

0.039

Double 2x

R-182

4.5 in

7

0.066

0.056

0.050

0.048

0.045

0.041

I-joist

R-182

4.5 in

8

0.059

0.051

0.046

0.044

0.042

0.038

OSB

R-22

6.5 in

9

0.041

0.038

0.036

0.035

0.033

0.031

Single 2x

R-22

6.5 in

10

0.050

0.044

0.040

0.039

0.037

0.034

Double 2x

R-22

6.5 in

11

0.054

0.048

0.043

0.041

0.039

0.036

I-joist

R-22

6.5 in

12

0.048

0.043

0.039

0.038

0.036

0.033

OSB

R-28

8.25 in

13

0.032

0.030

0.029

0.028

0.027

0.026

Single 2x

R-28

8.25 in

14

0.039

0.036

0.033

0.032

0.031

0.029

Double 2x

R-28

8.25 in

15

0.043

0.039

0.035

0.034

0.033

0.030

I-joist

R-28

8.25 in

16

0.037

0.034

0.032

0.031

0.030

0.028

OSB

R-333

6.5 in

17

0.032

0.029

0.027

0.026

0.025

0.023

Single 2x

R-333

6.5 in

18

0.038

0.034

0.031

0.030

0.029

0.027

Double 2x

R-333

6.5 in

19

0.043

0.038

0.034

0.033

0.031

0.029

I-joist

R-333

6.5 in

20

0.036

0.033

0.030

0.029

0.028

0.026

OSB

R-36

10.25 in

21

0.026

0.024

0.023

0.023

0.022

0.021

Single 2x

R-36

10.25 in

22

0.032

0.030

0.028

0.027

0.026

0.024

Double 2x

R-36

10.25 in

23

0.035

0.032

0.030

0.029

0.028

0.026

I-joist

R-36

10.25 in

24

0.030

0.028

0.026

0.026

0.025

0.023

OSB

R-44

12.25 in

25

0.022

0.021

0.020

0.020

0.019

0.018

Single 2x

R-44

12.25 in

26

0.027

0.025

0.024

0.023

0.022

0.021

Double 2x

R-44

12.25 in

27

0.028

0.027

0.025

0.025

0.024

0.023

I-joist

R-44

12.25 in

28

0.025

0.024

0.022

0.022

0.021

0.020

OSB

R-554

10.25 in

29

0.020

0.019

0.017

0.016

0.016

0.016

Single 2x

R-554

10.25 in

30

0.024

0.022

0.021

0.021

0.020

0.019

Double 2x

R-554

10.25 in

31

0.028

0.025

0.023

0.023

0.022

0.021

I-joist

R-554

10.25 in

32

0.022

0.021

0.019

0.019

0.018

0.018

Notes:

1.      The insulation R-value must be at least R-14 in order to use this table.  This table assumes moulded expanded polystyrene (EPS) unless

noted otherwise.  Although other insulation types are used by some SIP manufacturers, such as polyurethane and extruded expanded

insulation (XPS), EPS is the most common insulation used in SIP construction.

2.      R-18.1 is achievable using extruded expanded polystyrene (XPS) insulation in 4.5" thick panels.

3.      R-33.2 is achievable using polyurethane insulation in 6.5" panels.

4.      R-55.3 is achievable using polyurethane insulation in 10.25" panels.

5.      Continuous insulation shall be at least R-2 and may be installed on either the inside or the exterior of the wall.

 

 

Structural insulated panels (SIPs) consist of a rigid insulation core, securely bonded between two structural facings, to form a structural sandwich panel.  SIPs are considered a non-framed assembly usually with little or no structural framing that penetrates the insulation layer, resulting in less thermal bridging across the insulation when compared to a conventional framed assembly.

This table gives U-factors for structurally insulated panels used in wall construction. This is a construction system that consists of rigid foam insulation sandwiched between two layers of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB). Data is provided for four variations of connecting two panels together.

If continuous insulation is not used, then choices are made from Column A. When continuous insulation is also used, this is typically installed on the exterior side of the wall, but can also be used on the inside. The continuous insulation is typically a rigid polystyrene or polyisocyanurate foam insulation. Adding continuous insulation to a SIPS panel is highly unusual since the panel itself is mostly continuous insulation.

When this table is used manually, the R-value of continuous insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the continuous insulation columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is used manually. Commission approved software, however, may determine the U-factor for any amount of continuous insulation or for unusual construction assemblies using Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2.

 

Figure 4.3.2 – Structurally Insulated Wall Panels (SIPS)

This figure shows just one way that panels are connected. Other options exist.

Assumptions: These data are calculated using the parallel path method documented in the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

These calculations assume an exterior air film of R-0.17, a 7/8 inch layer of stucco of R-0.18, building paper of R-0.06 (BP01), 7/16 inch of OSB of R-0.44, insulation at carrying R-values (as specified), 7/16 inch of OSB of R-0.44, ½ inch gypsum board of R-0.45 (GP01), and in interior air film of R-0.68. A framing factor of 13 percent is assumed for wood spacers and 7 percent for the OSB spline system. Framing includes the sill plate, the header and framing around windows and doors.

 

Table 4.3.3 – U-factors of Metal Framed Walls for Nonresidential Construction

Spacing

Cavity Insulation R-Value:

Nominal Framing Size

Rated R-value of Continuous Insulation 2

 

 

R-0

R-2

R-4

R-5

R-6

R-7

R-8

R-10

R-12

R-14

R-15

 

 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

 

16 in. OC

None

Any

1

0.458

0.239

0.162

0.139

0.122

0.109

0.098

0.082

0.071

0.062

0.058

 

R-5

2x4

2

0.351

0.206

0.146

0.127

0.113

0.102

0.092

0.078

0.067

0.059

0.056

 

R-11

2x4

3

0.224

0.155

0.118

0.106

0.096

0.087

0.080

0.069

0.061

0.054

0.052

 

R-13

2x4

4

0.217

0.151

0.116

0.104

0.094

0.086

0.079

0.068

0.060

0.054

0.051

 

R-15

2x4

5

0.211

0.148

0.114

0.103

0.093

0.085

0.078

0.068

0.060

0.053

0.050

 

R-19

2x6

6

0.183

0.134

0.106

0.096

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.065

0.057

0.051

0.049

 

R-20

2x6

7

0.181

0.133

0.105

0.095

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.064

0.057

0.051

0.049

 

R-211

2x6

8

0.178

0.131

0.104

0.094

0.086

0.079

0.073

0.064

0.057

0.051

0.049

 

R-19

2x8

9

0.164

0.123

0.099

0.090

0.083

0.076

0.071

0.062

0.055

0.050

0.047

 

R-22

2x8

10

0.160

0.121

0.098

0.089

0.082

0.075

0.070

0.062

0.055

0.049

0.047

 

R-25

2x8

11

0.158

0.120

0.097

0.088

0.081

0.075

0.070

0.061

0.055

0.049

0.047

 

R-301

2x8

12

0.157

0.119

0.096

0.088

0.081

0.075

0.070

0.061

0.054

0.049

0.047

 

24 in. OC

None

Any

13

0.455

0.238

0.161

0.139

0.122

0.109

0.098

0.082

0.070

0.062

0.058

 

R-5

2x4

14

0.333

0.200

0.143

0.125

0.111

0.100

0.091

0.077

0.067

0.059

0.056

 

R-11

2x4

15

0.210

0.148

0.114

0.102

0.093

0.085

0.078

0.068

0.060

0.053

0.051

 

R-13

2x4

16

0.203

0.144

0.112

0.101

0.092

0.084

0.077

0.067

0.059

0.053

0.051

 

R-15

2x4

17

0.197

0.141

0.110

0.099

0.090

0.083

0.076

0.066

0.059

0.052

0.050

 

R-19

2x6

18

0.164

0.123

0.099

0.090

0.083

0.076

0.071

0.062

0.055

0.050

0.047

 

R-20

2x6

19

0.164

0.123

0.099

0.090

0.083

0.076

0.071

0.062

0.055

0.050

0.047

 

R-211

2x6

20

0.161

0.122

0.098

0.089

0.082

0.076

0.070

0.062

0.055

0.049

0.047

 

R-19

2x8

21

0.153

0.117

0.095

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.069

0.060

0.054

0.049

0.047

 

R-22

2x8

22

0.149

0.115

0.093

0.085

0.079

0.073

0.068

0.060

0.053

0.048

0.046

 

R-25

2x8

23

0.147

0.114

0.093

0.085

0.078

0.072

0.068

0.060

0.053

0.048

0.046

 

R-301

2x8

24

0.146

0.113

0.092

0.084

0.078

0.072

0.067

0.059

0.053

0.048

0.046

 

Notes

1. Higher density fiberglass batt is required in these cases.

2.  Continuous insulation may be installed on either the inside or the exterior of the wall, or both.

 

This table contains U-factors for steel or metal-framed walls, which are typical of nonresidential buildings. The table may be used for any construction assembly where the insulation is installed in the cavity of a metal-framed wall, or where continuous insulation is installed on the exterior or interior of the metal framing, or a combination of these two methods of insulating a metal-framed wall.

If continuous insulation is not used, then choices are made from Column A. In this case, the insulation is installed only in the cavity between the framing members. When continuous insulation is used, it is typically installed on the exterior side of the wall, but can also be used on the inside. The continuous insulation is typically a rigid polystyrene or polyisocyanurate foam insulation.

 

Figure 4.3.3 – Metal Framed Wall

5SteelWalls_Metal

When this table is used manually, the R-value of continuous insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the continuous insulation columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is used manually. Commission approved compliance software programs, however, may determine the U-factor for any amount of continuous insulation or for unusual construction assemblies using Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2.

 

Assumptions: Values in this table were calculated using the zone calculation method. The construction assembly assumes an exterior air film of R-0.17, a 7/8 inch layer of stucco of R-0.18, building paper of R-0.06 (BP01), continuous insulation (if any), the insulation / framing layer, 1/2 inch gypsum of R-0.45 gypsum board  (GP01), and an interior air film 0.68. The steel framing is assumed to be 0.0747 inch thick with a 15 percent knock out. The framing factor is assumed to be 25 percent for 16 inch stud spacing and 22 percent for 24 inch spacing. The EZFrame internal default framing percentages are 15 percent for 16 inch stud spacing and 12 percent for 24 inch spacing.  To account for the increased wall framing percentage the frame spacing input to the EZ Frame program is reduced to 13.218 inches for 16 inch stud spacing and 15.231 inches for 24 inch stud spacing. Actual cavity depth is 3.5 inch for 2x4, 5.5 inch for 2x6, 7.25 inch for 2x8, 9.25 inch for 2x10, and 11.25 inch for 2x12. High density R-30 insulation is assumed to be 8.5 inch thick batt and R-38 is assumed to be 10.5 inch thick. The thickness of the stucco is assumed to be reduced to 3/8 inch when continuous insulation is applied.

Table 4.3.4 – U-factors of Metal Framed Walls for Residential Construction

Spacing

Cavity Insulation R-Value:

Nominal Framing Size

Rated R-value of Continuous Insulation 2

 

R-0

R-2

R-4

R-5

R-6

R-7

R-8

R-10

R-12

R-15

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

16 in. OC

None

Any

1

0.455

0.238

0.161

0.139

0.122

0.109

0.098

0.082

0.070

0.058

R-05

2x4

2

0.252

0.165

0.124

0.110

0.099

0.090

0.083

0.071

0.062

0.052

R-11

2x4

3

0.200

0.137

0.107

0.097

0.088

0.081

0.075

0.065

0.058

0.049

R-13

2x4

4

0.192

0.132

0.105

0.095

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.064

0.057

0.049

R-15

2x4

5

0.186

0.129

0.102

0.093

0.085

0.078

0.073

0.063

0.056

0.048

R-19

2x6

6

0.154

0.112

0.092

0.084

0.077

0.072

0.067

0.059

0.053

0.046

R-20

2x6

7

0.151

0.112

0.091

0.084

0.077

0.072

0.067

0.059

0.053

0.046

R-211

2x6

8

0.151

0.110

0.090

0.083

0.076

0.071

0.066

0.058

0.052

0.045

R-19

2x8

9

0.134

0.102

0.085

0.078

0.072

0.067

0.063

0.056

0.050

0.044

R-22

2x8

10

0.129

0.099

0.082

0.076

0.071

0.066

0.062

0.055

0.050

0.043

R-25

2x8

11

0.125

0.096

0.081

0.075

0.069

0.065

0.061

0.054

0.049

0.043

R-301

2x8

12

0.120

0.093

0.078

0.073

0.068

0.063

0.060

0.053

0.048

0.042

R-30

2x10

13

0.109

0.086

0.073

0.068

0.064

0.060

0.057

0.051

0.046

0.041

R-381

2x10

14

0.104

0.082

0.071

0.066

0.062

0.058

0.055

0.050

0.045

0.040

R-38

2 x 12

15

0.095

0.077

0.067

0.062

0.059

0.055

0.053

0.048

0.043

0.038

24 in. OC

None

Any

16

0.449

0.236

0.161

0.138

0.121

0.108

0.098

0.082

0.070

0.058

R-05

2x4

17

0.243

0.161

0.122

0.108

0.098

0.089

0.082

0.070

0.062

0.052

R-11

2x4

18

0.189

0.131

0.104

0.094

0.086

0.079

0.073

0.064

0.057

0.048

R-13

2x4

19

0.181

0.127

0.101

0.092

0.084

0.078

0.072

0.063

0.056

0.048

R-15

2x4

20

0.175

0.123

0.099

0.090

0.082

0.076

0.071

0.062

0.055

0.047

R-19

2x6

21

0.144

0.107

0.088

0.081

0.075

0.070

0.065

0.058

0.052

0.045

R-20

2x6

22

0.141

0.106

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.069

0.065

0.057

0.051

0.044

R-211

2x6

23

0.141

0.105

0.086

0.080

0.074

0.069

0.064

0.057

0.051

0.044

R-19

2x8

24

0.126

0.097

0.081

0.075

0.070

0.065

0.061

0.055

0.049

0.043

R-22

2x8

25

0.121

0.094

0.079

0.073

0.068

0.064

0.060

0.054

0.048

0.042

R-25

2x8

26

0.117

0.091

0.077

0.071

0.067

0.063

0.059

0.053

0.048

0.042

R-301

2x8

27

0.112

0.088

0.075

0.069

0.065

0.061

0.057

0.052

0.047

0.041

R-30

2x10

28

0.102

0.081

0.070

0.065

0.061

0.058

0.055

0.049

0.045

0.039

R-381

2x10

29

0.096

0.077

0.067

0063

0.059

0.056

0.053

0.048

0.044

0.039

R-38

2 x 12

30

0.088

0.072

0.063

0.059

0.056

0.053

0.050

0.046

0.042

0.037

Notes

1. Higher density fiberglass batt is required in these cases.

2.  Continuous insulation may be installed on either the inside or the exterior of the wall, or both

This table contains U-factors for steel or metal framed walls in low-rise residential buildings where the thickness of the framing members is 18 gauge or thinner. Table 4.3.3 in Reference Joint Appendix JA4 must be used for steel-framed or metal-framed walls in nonresidential buildings (including high-rise residential buildings and hotels and motels) and in low rise residential buildings if the thickness of the framing members are thinner than 18 gauge.

If continuous insulation is not used, then choices are made from Column A. In this case, the insulation is installed only in the cavity between the framing members. When continuous insulation is used, it is typically installed on the exterior side of the wall, but can also be used on the inside. The continuous insulation is typically a rigid polystyrene or polyisocyanurate foam insulation.

 

Figure 4.3.4 – Metal Framed Wall

5SteelWalls_Metal

When this table is used manually, the R-value of continuous insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the continuous insulation columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is used manually. Commission approved compliance software programs, however, may determine the U-factor for any amount of continuous insulation or for unusual construction assemblies using Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2.

Assumptions: Values in this table were calculated using the zone calculation method. The construction assembly assumes an exterior air film of R-0.17, a 7/8 inch layer of siding or stucco averaging R-0.18, building paper of R-0.06 (BP01), continuous insulation (if any), the insulation / framing insulation layer, 1/2 inch gypsum of R-0.45 gypsum board (GP01), and an interior air film 0.68. The framing factor is assumed to be 25 percent for 16 inch stud spacing and 22 percent for 24 inch spacing. To account for the increased wall framing percentage, the frame spacing input to the EZ Frame program is reduced to 13.218 inches for 16 inch stud spacing and 15.231 inches for 24 inch stud spacing. The stud web thickness is assumed to be 0.038 inches, which is a 50/50 mix of 18 gauge and 20 gauge C-channel studs. This value was confirmed to be representative of low-rise residential construction by polling several California-based light-gauge steel structural engineers and light-gauge steel framers. Actual cavity depth is 3.5 inch for 2x4, 5.5 inch for 2x6, 8 inch for 2x8, 10 inch for 2x10, and 12 inches for 2x12. High density R-30 insulation is assumed to be 8.5 inch thick batt and R-38 is assumed to be 10.5 inches thick. The thickness of the stucco is assumed to be reduced to 3/8 inch when continuous insulation is applied.

 

Table 4.3.5 – Properties of Hollow Unit Masonry Walls

Thickness

Type

 

Solid Grout

Partly Grouted with Ungrouted Cells

Empty

Insulated

A

B

C

1

U-factor

 

C-factor

HC

U-factor

C-factor

HC

U-factor

C-factor

HC

12"

 LW CMU

2

0.51

0.90

23

0.43

0.68

14.8

0.30

0.40

14.8

MW CMU

3

0.54

1.00

23.9

0.46

0.76

15.6

0.33

0.46

15.6

NW CMU

4

0.57

1.11

24.8

0.49

0.84

16.5

0.36

0.52

16.5

10"

 LW CMU

5

0.55

1.03

18.9

0.46

0.76

12.6

0.34

0.48

12.6

MW CMU

6

0.59

1.18

19.7

0.49

0.84

13.4

0.37

0.54

13.4

NW CMU

7

0.62

1.31

20.5

0.52

0.93

14.2

0.41

0.63

14.2

8"

 LW CMU

8

0.62

1.31

15.1

0.50

0.87

9.9

0.37

0.54

9.9

MW CMU

9

0.65

1.45

15.7

0.53

0.96

10.5

0.41

0.63

10.5

NW CMU

10

0.69

1.67

16.3

0.56

1.07

11.1

0.44

0.70

11.1

Clay Unit

11

0.57

1.11

15.1

0.47

0.78

11.4

0.39

0.58

11.4

6"

 LW CMU

12

0.68

1.61

10.9

0.54

1.00

7.9

0.44

0.70

7.9

MW CMU

13

0.72

1.86

11.4

0.58

1.14

8.4

0.48

0.81

8.4

NW CMU

14

0.76

2.15

11.9

0.61

1.27

8.9

0.52

0.93

8.9

Clay Unit

15

0.65

1.45

11.1

0.52

0.93

8.6

0.45

0.73

8.6

The walls addressed in this table are rarely used in residential construction, but are common in some types of nonresidential construction. The tables include four types of hollow masonry units: lightweight concrete masonry units (CMU), medium weight CMU, normal weight CMU, and hollow clay masonry units. ASTM C-90 defines these masonry products in more detail.

Masonry used in California must be reinforced to withstand wind loads and earthquakes. This is achieved by installing reinforcing steel and grouting the cells in both a vertical and horizontal direction. Since grouting the cells affects thermal performance, data is provided for three cases: where every cell is grouted, where the cells are partially grouted and the remaining cells are left empty, and where the cells are partially grouted and the remaining cells are filled with perlite or some other insulating material.

 

Figure 4.3.5 – Masonry Wall

5MasonryWalls

For each of these conditions the U-factor, C-factor and heat capacity (HC) is published. There are other properties of mass materials that may be needed in compliance calculations, but these values can be determined from the published data using the procedures in Modeling Constructions in the Nonresidential compliance software and in Section 4.6 of this document.

Assumptions: Data is taken from Energy Calculations and Data, CMACN, 1986, Berkeley Solar Group; Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada. The density of the CMU material (not counting the grouted or hollow cells) is 105 lb/ft³ for lightweight, 115 lb/ft³ for medium weight and 125 lb/ft³ for normal weight. The density of the clay unit material is 130 lb/ft³. For all four types of masonry units, data is provided for thicknesses of 6 in., 8 in., 10 in., and 12 in. For the partially grouted cases, vertical cells are assumed to be grouted at 32 inch on center. Reinforcing in the horizontal direction is at 48 in. on center. Wall thicknesses given in the table are nominal; actual thicknesses are 3/8 in. less. Insulating material inside unit masonry hollow is assumed to be perlite.

 

Table 4.3.6 – Properties of Solid Unit Masonry and Solid Concrete Walls

Type

Property

 

Wall Thickness, inches

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

LW CMU

U-Factor

 

1

0.79

0.71

0.65

0.59

0.54

0.51

0.47

0.44

0.42

0.39

C-Factor

2.38

1.79

1.43

1.18

1.01

0.88

0.79

0.71

0.65

0.59

HC

5.3

7.00

8.80

10.50

12.30

14.00

15.80

17.50

19.30

21.00

MW CMU

U-Factor

2

0.84

0.77

0.70

0.65

0.61

0.57

0.53

0.50

0.48

0.45

C-Factor

2.94

2.22

1.75

1.47

1.25

1.10

0.98

0.88

0.80

0.74

HC

5.80

7.70

9.60

11.5

13.40

15.30

17.30

19.20

21.10

23.00

NW CMU

U-Factor

3

0.88

0.82

0.76

0.71

0.67

0.63

0.60

0.56

0.53

0.51

C-Factor

3.57

2.70

2.17

1.79

1.54

1.35

1.20

1.03

0.98

0.90

HC

6.30

8.30

10.40

12.50

14.6

16.70

18.80

20.80

22.90

25.00

Clay Brick

U-Factor

4

0.80

0.72

0.66

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

C-Factor

2.50

1.86

1.50

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

HC

6.30

8.40

10.43

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

Concrete

U-Factor

5

0.96

0.91

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.74

0.71

0.68

0.65

0.63

C-Factor

5.22

4.02

3.20

2.71

2.31

1.99

1.79

1.61

1.45

1.36

HC

7.20

9.60

12.00

14.40

16.80

19.20

21.60

24.00

26.40

28.80

This table provides thermal performance information for solid masonry units and solid concrete walls.

The walls addressed in this table are rarely used in residential construction, but are common in some types of nonresidential construction.

There are other properties of mass materials that may be needed in compliance calculations, but these values can be determined from the published data using the procedures in Modeling Constructions in the Nonresidential compliance software and in Section 4.6 of this document.

When insulation is added to the outside of masonry walls and/or when the inside is furred and insulated, the performance data in this table may be adjusted using Equation 4-4 and Equation 4-5 in coordination with Table 4.3.14.

 

Figure 4.3.6 – Solid Unit Masonry (left) and Solid Concrete (right) Walls


5SolidMasonryWall

 


5Masswalls_Conc

 

Assumptions: Data is taken from ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. The density of the CMU material is 105 lb/ft³ for lightweight, 115 lb/ft³ for medium weight and 125 lb/ft³ for normal weight. The density of the clay unit material is 130 lb/ft³ and the density of the concrete is 144 lb/ft³. For all five types of masonry walls, the U-factor, C-factor and heat capacity (HC) is provided for thicknesses of 3 inch, 4 inch, and 5 inch ASTM C-90 provides more information on the classification of masonry walls.

This table provides U-factors, C-factors, and heat capacity (HC) data for concrete sandwich panels.  Concrete sandwich panels, as the name suggests, consist of two layers of concrete that sandwich a layer of insulation.  The wall system can be constructed in the field or in a factory. One method of field construction is where the wall panels are formed in a flat position using the concrete floor slab of the building as the bottom surface. After the panel has set, it is hoisted with a crane into its final vertical position.

Both the percent of concrete web and the percent steel are factors in determining the thermal performance of walls.  The insulation layer in this type of concrete sandwich panel generally does not extend over the entire surface of the wall.  To provide structural integrity, a certain portion of the wall is solid concrete, which ties together the two concrete layers. This portion is known as the concrete web.  The thermal performance of concrete sandwich panels depends on the percent of the wall that is concrete web.  Data is provided for concrete webs representing 0 percent, 10 percent and 20 percent of the opaque wall surface. In some cases, the concrete layers are tied together by structural steel that penetrates the insulation layer. Data is provided for the case where this steel is present and for cases where it is not.

 

Table 4.3.7 – Properties of Concrete Sandwich Panels

Percent Concrete Web

Steel Penetrates Insulation

Performance Factor

 

Insulation Thickness (R-value)

1.5 (7.0)

2.0 (9.3)

3.0 (14.0)

4.0 (18.6)

6.0 (27.9)

A

B

C

D

E

0%

No

U-factor

 

1

0.122

0.095

0.066

0.051

0.034

C-factor

0.136

0.104

0.070

0.053

0.035

HC

16.13

16.13

16.13

16.13

16.13

Yes

U-factor

2

0.164

0.128

0.091

0.070

0.048

C-factor

0.190

0.144

0.099

0.074

0.050

HC

16.13

16.13

16.13

16.13

16.13

10%

No

U-factor

3

0.476

0.435

0.345

0.286

0.217

C-factor

0.800

0.690

0.488

0.377

0.267

HC

16.53

16.66

16.93

17.20

17.74

Yes

U-factor

4

0.500

0.435

0.357

0.303

0.227

C-factor

0.870

0.690

0.513

0.408

0.282

HC

16.53

16.66

16.93

17.20

17.74

20%

No

U-factor

5

0.588

0.556

0.476

0.417

0.333

C-factor

1.176

1.053

0.800

0.645

0.465

HC

16.93

17.20

17.74

18.28

19.35

Yes

U-factor

6

0.588

0.556

0.476

0.417

0.333

C-factor

1.176

1.053

0.800

0.645

0.465

HC

16.93

17.20

17.74

18.28

19.35

This table provides U-factors, C-factors, and heat capacity (HC) data for concrete sandwich panels. Concrete sandwich panels, as the name suggests, consist of two layers of concrete that sandwich a layer of insulation.  The wall system can be constructed in the field or in a factory. One method of field construction is where the wall panels are formed in a flat position using the concrete floor slab of the building as the bottom surface. After the panel has set, it is hoisted with a crane into its final vertical position.

Both the percent of concrete web and the percent steel are factors in determining the thermal performance of walls. The insulation layer in this type of concrete sandwich panel generally does not extend over the entire surface of the wall.  To provide structural integrity, a certain portion of the wall is solid concrete, which ties together the two concrete layers.  This portion is known as the concrete web.  The thermal performance of concrete sandwich panels depends on the percent of the wall that is concrete web. Data is provided for concrete webs representing 0 percent, 10 percent and 20 percent of the opaque wall surface. In some cases, the concrete layers are tied together by structural steel that penetrates the insulation layer. Data is provided for the case where this steel is present and for cases where it is not.

 

Figure 4.3.7 – Concrete Sandwich Panel

 

Other properties of mass materials such as density, conductivity, specific heat and wall weight may be needed in compliance calculations and these properties may be determined from the published data in Table 4.3.7 using the procedures in Modeling Constructions in the Nonresidential compliance software and in Section 4.6 of this document.

Values from this table may be combined with values from Table 4.3.14 when a furring layer is added to the inside of the wall and/or continuous insulation is added to the outside of the wall. Adjustments for additional layers shall follow the procedure of Equation 4-4 and Equation 4-5.

Assumptions: U-factors include an inside air film of 0.68 and an exterior air film of 0.17. Conductivity of the concrete is assumed to be 0.215 Btu/h-ºF-f, density is 150 lb/ft³, the thickness of each side of the sandwich panel is 0.5 ft. The data was calculated by Construction Technologies Laboratories, Inc. and published in the Thermal Mass Handbook, Concrete and Masonry Design Provisions Using ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989, National Codes and Standards Council of the Concrete and Masonry Industries, 1994.

 

Table 4.3.8 – U-factors for Spandrel Panels and Glass Curtain Walls

 

 

Rated R-value of Insulation between Framing Members

None

R-4

R-7

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25

R-30

Frame Type

Spandrel Panel

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Aluminum without Thermal Break

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

1

0.445

0.285

0.259

0.247

0.236

0.230

0.226

0.224

Double glass with no low-e coatings

2

0.356

0.273

0.254

0.244

0.234

0.229

0.226

0.223

Triple or low-e glass

3

0.313

0.263

0.249

0.241

0.233

0.228

0.225

0.223

Aluminum with Thermal Break

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

4

0.429

0.243

0.212

0.197

0.184

0.176

0.172

0.169

Double glass with no low-e coatings

5

0.328

0.228

0.205

0.193

0.182

0.175

0.171

0.168

Triple or low-e glass

6

0.277

0.217

0.199

0.189

0.180

0.174

0.170

0.167

Structural Glazing

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

7

0.428

0.217

0.180

0.161

0.145

0.136

0.130

0.126

Double glass with no low-e coatings

8

0.316

0.199

0.172

0.157

0.143

0.135

0.129

0.126

Triple or low-e glass

9

0.257

0.186

0.165

0.152

0.140

0.133

0.128

0.125

No framing or Insulation is Continuous

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

10

0.445

0.160

0.108

0.082

0.058

0.045

0.037

0.031

Double glass with no low-e coatings

11

0.356

0.147

0.102

0.078

0.056

0.044

0.036

0.030

Triple or low-e glass

12

0.313

0.139

0.098

0.076

0.055

0.043

0.035

0.030

Frame Type

Curtain Wall

 

Aluminum without Thermal Break

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

13

1.224

0.929

0.427

0.372

0.347

0.326

0.315

0.308

Double glass with no low-e coatings

14

0.727

0.611

0.400

0.361

0.341

0.323

0.313

0.307

Triple or low-e glass

15

0.567

0.494

0.380

0.351

0.335

0.320

0.311

0.306

Aluminum with Thermal Break

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

16

1.110

0.862

0.339

0.282

0.256

0.234

0.222

0.215

Double glass with no low-e coatings

17

0.617

0.531

0.311

0.270

0.249

0.230

0.220

0.214

Triple or low-e glass

18

0.458

0.409

0.290

0.260

0.243

0.227

0.218

0.212

Structural Glazing

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

19

1.106

0.859

0.290

0.228

0.199

0.175

0.162

0.154

Double glass with no low-e coatings

20

0.577

0.502

0.260

0.215

0.192

0.171

0.160

0.152

Triple or low-e glass

21

0.407

0.368

0.237

0.204

0.185

0.168

0.158

0.151

No framing or Insulation is Continuous

Single glass pane, stone, or metal panel

22

1.224

0.929

0.197

0.124

0.090

0.062

0.047

0.038

Double glass with no low-e coatings

23

0.727

0.611

0.177

0.116

0.086

0.060

0.046

0.038

Triple or low-e glass

24

0.567

0.494

0.166

0.111

0.083

0.059

0.045

0.037

 

This table has U-factors for the spandrel section of glass and other curtain wall systems. Design factors that affect performance are the type of framing, the type of spandrel panel and the R-value of insulation.

Four framing conditions are considered in the table. The first is the common case where standard aluminum mullions are used. Standard mullions provide a thermal bridge through the insulation, reducing its effectiveness. The second case is for metal framing members that have a thermal break. A thermal break frame uses a urethane or other non-metallic element to separate the metal exposed to outside conditions from the metal that is exposed to interior conditions. The third case is for structural glazing or systems where there is no exposed mullion on the interior. The fourth case is for the condition where there is no framing or the insulation is continuous and uninterrupted by framing. The columns in the table can be used for any specified level of insulation between framing members installed in framed curtain walls or spandrel panels.

 

Figure 4.3.8 – Spandrel Panel

5SpandrelPanels

There are three cases considered in the table. To determine an appropriate thermal performance value the assumption used to differenciate between spandrel panels and curtain walls is that spandrel panels include an air gap and rigid backing, while curtain walls do not. The first is for a panel that provides little or no insulating value. This includes single pane glass, stone veneer, metal panels, or pre-case concrete less than 2 inches thick. The second case is for insulating glass. Sometimes insulating glass is used so that the spandrel panel looks similar to the vision glass. The third case is for triple glass or double glass that has a low-e coating.

Insulation levels are shown in the columns of the table. When the table is used manually, the R-value of insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is selected manually. California Energy Commission approved compliance software programs, including those used for prescriptive compliance, may accurately account for any amount of continuous insulation or for unusual construction assemblies using Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2. If the curtain wall has an insulated metal-framed wall on the inside, then values from this table may be combined with values from Table 4.3.4 or Table 4.3.14 using the procedures of Equation 4-2 or Equation 4-3.

Assumptions: The U-factors in Table 4.3.8 were derived from a regression analysis of the values for “Glass Only Center of Glass” and “Curtain Wall” in the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 15, Table 4, with adaptions to update the values. The U-factors in Table 4.3.8 for curtain walls include an exterior air film with an R-value of 0.17 and an interior air film R-value of 0.68, which are accounted for in the values from the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.  For spandrel panels the construction assembly, includes an air gap with an R-value of 1.39 (3/4 inch gap, 50 ºF mean temperature and 30 ºF temperature difference), and includes 5/8 inch gypsum board with an R-value of 0.56 that provides the interior finish.  The gypsum board is assumed to span between the window sill and a channel at the floor.

 

Table 4.3.9 – U-factors for Metal Building Walls

Insulation System

Rated R-Value of Insulation

Continuous Rigid Insulation

 

None

R-2

R-4

R-6

R-7

R-8

R-10

R-14

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Single Layer of Batt Insulation

None

1

1.18

0.351

0.206

0.146

0.127

0.113

0.092

0.067

R-6

2

0.184

0.135

0.106

0.087

0.080

0.074

0.065

0.051

R-10

3

0.134

0.106

0.087

0.074

0.069

0.065

0.057

0.047

R-11

4

0.123

0.099

0.082

0.071

0.066

0.062

0.055

0.045

R-13

5

0.113

0.092

0.078

0.067

0.063

0.059

0.053

0.044

Double Layer of Batt Insulation

R-6 + R-13

6

0.07

0.061

0.055

0.049

0.047

0.045

0.041

0.035

R-10 + R-13

7

0.061

0.054

0.049

0.045

0.043

0.041

0.038

0.033

R-13 + R-13

8

0.057

0.051

0.046

0.042

0.041

0.039

0.036

0.032

R-19 + R-13

9

0.048

0.044

0.040

0.037

0.036

0.035

0.032

0.029

Double layer or batt insulation may not be able to have continuous rigid insulation added.

The U-factors in this table are intended for use with metal building walls. This type of construction is typical for manufacturing and warehouse facilities, but is used for other building types as well. The typical method of insulating this type of building is to stretch vinyl backed fiberglass insulation over the metal girts before the metal siding is attached with metal screws. With this method, the insulation is compressed at each girt, reducing its effectiveness. The first part of the table contains values for this insulation technique. The second section of the table has data for systems that have two layers of insulation. In this section layers are listed from inside to outside.

For the majority of cases, values will be selected from column A of this table. Builders or designers may increase thermal performance by adding a rigid continuous insulation layer between the metal siding and the structural supports. When this table is used manually, the R-value of continuous insulation shall be equal to or greater than the R-value published in the continuous insulation columns. No interpolation is permitted when data from the table is used manually. Energy Commission approved compliance software, however, may determine the U-factor for any amount of continuous insulation using Equation 4-1.

 

Figure 4.3.9 – Metal Building Wall

 

Assumptions: Data in Column A of this table is taken from the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Appendix A. The data in columns beyond A are calculated using Equation 4-1.

 

Table 4.3.10 – U-factors for Insulated Metal Panel Walls

Panel Thickness

 

U-factor (Btu/0F-ft2)

A

2”

1

0.078

2 ½”

2

0.063

3”

3

0.053

4”

4

0.041

5”

5

0.033

6”

6

0.027

 

This table contains thermal performance data (U-factors) for foamed-in-place, insulated metal panels consisting of liquid polyurethane or polyisocyanurate injected between metal skins in individual molds or on fully automated production lines. Metal building construction is the most common application for this product where the metal panel is fastened to the frame of the structure.  This table can only be used for insulated panels that are factory built.  This table does not apply to panels that utilize polystyrene, or to field applied products such as spray applied insulations.

 

Figure 4.3.10 –Insulated Metal Panel Walls

Assumptions. These data are calculated using the parallel path method documented in the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. These calculations assume an exterior air film of R-0.17, light gauge metal exterior of 0.0747 inch thickness, continuous insulation R-5.9 per inch, light gauge metal interior of 0.0747 inch thickness, interior air film (heat flow horizontal) of R-0.68. The panels are assumed to be continuous with no framing penetration. The R-value of the metal is negligible.

 

Table 4.3.11 – Thermal Properties of Log Home Walls

Log Diameter

 

U-factor

 

Heat Capacity (HC)

 

A

6”

1

0.132

5.19

8”

2

0.102

6.92

10”

3

0.083

8.65

12”

4

0.070

10.37

14”

5

0.060

12.10

16”

6

0.053

13.83

This table has U-factors and heat capacity data for log homes Data is provided for logs in six thicknesses ranging from 6 in. to 16 in. If other thermal properties are needed such as density, weight, conductivity, etc., use the procedures in Modeling Constructions in the Nonresidential compliance software and contained in Section 4.6 of this document. Energy Commission approved Compliance Software Programs may adjust the data for interior furring using data from Table 4.3.14 and the procedure from Equation 4-2.

 

Figure 4.3.11 – Log Home Walls

5LogWalls

 

Assumptions: Calculations are based on ASHRAE series method of calculation, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.  Values assume a log R-value of R-1.25/inch, an average wall thickness of 90 percent of the log diameter, an interior air film of R-0.68 and an exterior air film of R-0.17.  Values do not account for presence of windows or doors. Construction assumes no additional siding or insulation. Heat Capacity is based on a softwood density of 26.6 lb/ft³ and a specific heat of 0.39 Btu/lb-ºF. An exterior air film of R-0.17 and an interior film of R-0.68 are assumed.

 

Table 4.3.12 – Thermal and Mass Properties of Straw Bale Walls

 

A

R-value

 

1

30

U-factor

 

0.033

Heat Capacity Btu/ft2 oF]

6.34

This table has data that may be used for straw bale construction.  This is an alternative construction technique used in some rural areas. The technique is not commonly used for production homes.

 

Figure 4.3.12 – Straw Bale Wall

 

Assumptions: The construction consists of an exterior film of R-0.17, stucco and lath of R-0.18, the straw bale, interior plaster of R-0.47, and an interior air film of 0.68. Straw bale must have a minimum cross section of 22 inch by 16 inch, and shall have a thermal resistance of R-30, whether stacked so the walls are 22 inch wide or 16 inch wide. Due to the higher resistance to heat flow across the grain of the straws, a bale laid on edge with a nominal 16 inch horizontal thickness has the same R-value (R-30) as a bale laid flat. Framing is assumed to not penetrate more than 25 percent of the way through the straw bale.

 

Table 4.3.13 – Thermal Properties of Insulating Concrete Forms

Insulation Type

Insulation Thickness Per Side (Total R-Value)

Performance Factor

 

Flat1

Waffle Grid2

Screen Grid2

 

Concrete Core Thickness (inches)

 

4

6

8

10

12

6

8

6

 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

EPS3

2.0

(15.4)

U-factor

HC

1

0.058

12.20

0.057

17.00

0.056

21.80

0.055

26.60

0.055

31.40

0.047

13.90

0.039

15.87

0.041

12.10

2.25

(18.9)

U-factor

HC

2

0.052

12.22

0.051

17.02

0.051

21.82

0.050

26.62

0.050

31.42

0.043

13.92

0.036

15.89

0.038

12.11

2.5

(19.25)

U-factor

HC

3

0.047

12.24

0.047

17.04

0.046

21.84

0.046

26.64

0.045

31.44

0.040

13.94

0.034

15.91

0.036

12.13

2.625

(20.2)

U-factor

HC

4

0.045

12.25

0.045

17.05

0.044

21.85

0.044

26.65

0.043

31.45

0.038

13.95

0.033

15.92

0.035

12.14

2.75

(21.2)

U-factor

HC

5

0.043

12.26

0.043

17.06

0.042

21.86

0.042

26.66

0.042

31.46

0.037

13.96

0.032

15.92

0.0323

12.15

3.0

(23.1)

U-factor

HC

6

0.040

12.27

0.040

17.07

0.039

21.87

0.039

26.67

0.039

31.47

0.0334

13.98

0.030

15.94

0.031

12.17

3.5

(27.0)

U-factor

HC

7

0.035

12.31

0.034

17.11

0.034

21.91

0.034

26.71

0.034

31.51

0.030

14.01

0.027

15.98

0.028

12.21

4.0

(30.8)

U-factor

HC

8

0.031

12.35

0.030

17.15

0.030

21.95

0.030

26.75

0.030

31.55

0.027

14.05

0.024

16.02

0.025

12.24

XPS

2.0

(20.0)

U-factor

HC

9

0.045

12.29

0.045

17.09

0.045

21.89

0.044

26.69

0.044

31.49

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2.5

(25.0)

U-factor

HC

10

0.037

12.35

0.037

17.15

0.036

21.95

0.036

26.75

0.036

31.55

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2.625

(26.3)

U-factor

HC

11

0.035

12.36

0.035

17.16

0.035

21.96

0.035

26.76

0.034

31.56

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2.75

(27.5)

U-factor

HC

12

0.034

12.38

0.034

17.18

0.033

21.98

0.033

26.78

0.033

31.58

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

3.0

(30.0)

U-factor

HC

13

0.031

12.41

0.031

17.21

0.031

22.01

0.031

26.81

0.030

31.61

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

3.5

(35.0)

U-factor

HC

14

0.027

12.46

0.027

17.26

0.027

22.06

0.027

26.86

0.026

31.66

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

4.0

(40)

U-factor

HC

15

0.024

12.52

0.024

17.32

0.024

22.12

0.023

26.92

0.023

31.72

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Polyurethane

1.5

(9.09)

U-factor

HC

16

0.050

12.23

0.049

17.03

0.049

21.83

0.048

26.63

0.048

31.43

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2.0

(10.9)

U-factor

HC

17

0.042

12.41

0.042

17.21

0.041

22.01

0.041

26.81

0.041

31.61

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

4.5

(20.95)

U-factor

HC

18

0.023

12.58

0.023

17.38

0.023

22.18

0.022

26.98

0.022

31.78

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cement/EPS Compound

2.0

(12.0)

U-factor

HC

19

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.059

16.49

0.048

18.46

0.052

14.69

3.0

(18.0)

U-factor

HC

20

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.043

17.50

0.037

19.47

0.040

15.69

4.0

(24.0)

U-factor

HC

21

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.034

18.51

0.031

20.47

0.032

16.70

Notes:

1 Flat Insulated Concrete Forms utilizes rigid insulation as the form and do not use cement compound as the form.

2 Waffle and screen type Insulated Concrete Forms typically utilize either a cement/EPS compound or EPS insulation as the form. ICF's using the cement/EPS compound do not utilize rigid insulation added to the interior and exterior surfaces.

3 1.5 lb density EPS insulation at R-3.85 per inch except for the 2.25” insulation thickness which uses 2.0 lb density EPS at R-4.2 per inch.

This table provides thermal performance information for insulating concrete forms.

Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs) are concrete forming systems that use stay-in-place panels made from a variety of insulating materials for constructing cast-in-place solid concrete walls.  There are three basic types of ICFs: flat wall, waffle-grid and screen-grid. A flat wall system is a wall with uniform thickness just like a conventional poured wall made with plywood or metal forms. Waffle-grid wall systems have a solid concrete wall of varying thickness and look like a breakfast waffle. Screen grid wall systems also known as , “post and beam”, have a perforated concrete wall of varying thickness similar to the waffle type wall systems but with a solid form material between the horizontal and vertical members instead of concrete. The insulating panels for all three ICF types are most commonly made from expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) rigid insulation boards.  Plastic or metal cross-ties separate the insulating panels and provide structural integrity during the pour. The ICF system is modular and stackable with interlocking edges.  The materials can be delivered as pre-assembled blocks or as planks that require the flanges and web to be assembled during construction.

 

Figure 4.3.13 – Insulating Concrete Forms

IFC Wall v

Assumptions: Values in this table were calculated using the one dimensional calculation method documented in 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The calculations assume an exterior air film of R-0.17, a 7/8 inch layer of stucco of R-0.18, building paper of R-0.06, an exterior insulating form of varying resistance, a concrete core of varying thickness at R-0.11 per inch, an interior insulating form of varying resistance, and an interior air film of R-0.68. The R-value of the cement/EPC compound is assumed to be R-3.0 per inch, the XPS insulation assumed to be R-5.0 per inch, and the polyurethane assumed to be aged and dried in 1.5 inch, 2.0 inch, and 4.5 inch thickness.

 

Table 4.3.14 – Effective R-values for Interior or Exterior Insulation Layers

Thick-ness

Frame Type

 

R-value of Insulation Installed in Furring Space

 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

Any

None

1

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

17.5

18.5

19.5

20.5

21.5

0.5"

Wood

2

1.3

1.3

1.9

2.4

2.7

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Metal

3

0.9

0.9

1.1

1.1

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0.75"

Wood

4

1.4

1.4

2.1

2.7

3.1

3.5

3.8

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Metal

5

1.0

1.0

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.6

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.0"

Wood

6

1.3

1.5

2.2

2.9

3.4

3.9

4.3

4.6

4.9

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Metal

7

1.0

1.1

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.5"

Wood

8

1.3

1.5

2.4

3.1

3.8

4.4

4.9

5.4

5.8

6.2

6.5

6.8

7.1

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Metal

9

1.1

1.2

1.6

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.7

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2"

Wood

10

1.4

1.5

2.5

3.3

4.0

4.7

5.3

5.9

6.4

6.9

7.3

7.7

8.1

8.4

8.7

9.0

9.3

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Metal

11

1.1

1.2

1.7

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.4

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.5"

Wood

12

1.4

1.5

2.5

3.4

4.2

4.9

5.6

6.3

6.8

7.4

7.9

8.4

8.8

9.2

9.6

10.0

10.3

10.6

10.9

11.2

11.5

n.a.

 

Metal

13

1.2

1.3

1.8

2.3

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.3

3.5

3.6

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.9

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.1

n.a.

3"

Wood

14

1.4

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.3

5.1

5.8

6.5

7.2

7.8

8.3

8.9

9.4

9.9

10.3

10.7

11.1

11.5

11.9

12.2

12.5

12.9

 

Metal

15

1.2

1.3

1.9

2.4

2.8

3.1

3.3

3.5

3.7

3.8

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.8

3.5"

Wood

16

1.4

1.5

2.6

3.5

4.4

5.2

6.0

6.7

7.4

8.1

8.7

9.3

9.8

10.4

10.9

11.3

11.8

12.2

12.6

13.0

13.4

13.8

 

Metal

17

1.2

1.3

2.0

2.5

2.9

3.2

3.5

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.3

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.0

5.1

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.3

4"

Wood

18

1.4

1.6

2.6

3.6

4.5

5.3

6.1

6.9

7.6

8.3

9.0

9.6

10.2

10.8

11.3

11.9

12.4

12.8

13.3

13.7

14.2

14.6

 

Metal

19

1.2

1.3

2.0

2.6

3.0

3.4

3.7

4.0

4.2

4.5

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.8

4.5"

Wood

20

1.4

1.6

2.6

3.6

4.5

5.4

6.2

7.1

7.8

8.5

9.2

9.9

10.5

11.2

11.7

12.3

12.8

13.3

13.8

14.3

14.8

15.2

 

Metal

21

1.2

1.3

2.1

2.6

3.1

3.5

3.9

4.2

4.5

4.7

4.9

5.1

5.3

5.4

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.3

5"

Wood

22

1.4

1.6

2.6

3.6

4.6

5.5

6.3

7.2

8

8.7

9.4

10.1

10.8

11.5

12.1

12.7

13.2

13.8

14.3

14.8

15.3

15.8

 

Metal

23

1.2

1.4

2.1

2.7

3.2

3.7

4.1

4.4

4.7

5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

5.9

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

5.5"

Wood

24

1.4

1.6

2.6

3.6

4.6

5.5

6.4

7.3

8.1

8.9

9.6

10.3

11.0

11.7

12.4

13.0

13.6

14.2

14.7

15.3

15.8

16.3

 

Metal

25

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.8

3.3

3.8

4.2

4.6

4.9

5.2

5.4

5.7

5.9

6.1

6.3

6.4

6.6

6.7

6.8

7.0

7.1

7.2

EIFS

 

26

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

 

Figure 4.3.14 – Interior or Exterior Insulation Layers

Metal Clips
5Masswalls_MetalClip

Wood Framing
5MassWalls_Wood

 

This table is used in combination with other tables and Equation 4-1 and Equation 4-2 to account for interior furring and continuous insulation added to other constructions.

Assumptions: Data is taken from ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 All furring thickness values given are actual dimensions. All values include 0.5 inch gypsum board on the inner surface, interior surface resistances not included. The metal furring is 24 inch on center, 24 gauge, Z-type Metal Furring. The wood furring is 24 inch on center, Douglas-Fir Larch Wood Furring, density = 34.9 lb/ft³. Insulation assumed to fill the furring space.